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Meeting without the sanction of the Crown, a group of noblemen and burgh representatives met in Edinburgh in August 1560 to enact bills to define the Reformation in Scotland. Tensions had been mounting since the mid 1550s with an active civil war being undertaken by Mary of Guise (the dowager queen and regent) backed by French forces and the Lords of Congregation (Protestants) backed by English forces. The confrontation had been settled (with a broadly neutral result) by the Treaty of Berwick in February 1560 but the death of Guise four months later effectively left the field clear for the reformers.In August, the parliament abolished Papal jurisdiction over Scotland and Approved a Calvinist Confession of Faith. Because the parliament met without the authority of the Crown, Mary, Queen of Scots, refused to ratify the acts on her return to the kingdom. Only on Mary\'s deposition in 1567 were the acts really implemented.
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