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englisch artikel (Interpretation und charakterisierung)

Englisch-grammatik



Have got
I have got I’ve got I haven’t got

You have got You’ve got You haven’t got

He/she/it has got He/she/it has got He/she/it hasn’t got

We have got We’ve got We haven’t got

They have got They’ve got They haven’t got







Possessiv pronomen

Besitzanzeigende Fürwörter



I-my we-our

you-your you-your

he-his they their

she-her

it-its







‘s or s’



My son’s name is Marc.

My daughters’ names are Isabelle and Mira.

Im Singular steht ,,’s,, und im Plural stht ,,s’,, zum Ausdruck eines Besitzverhältnisses.







a or an



a grandma an animal

a pet an aunt

a cupboard an English teacher

a cat an Indian restaurant

a dog an orange cat

a car an uncle

Wenn das Nomen mit einem Vokal beginnt, steht ,,an,, statt ,,a,,.







Form of the verb



Infinitive: to run

Imperative: Clean!/ Don’t come in!

Present participle: (I am) cleaning











Present progressive



… besteht aus: to be + present participle

I’m cleaning We’re cleaning

You’re cleaning You’re cleaning

He’s cleaning

She’s cleaning They’re cleaning

It’s cleaning

Regel: Das Present progressive drückt eine Handlung aus, die jetzt gerade abläuft.







Present participle



Infinitive + ing

clean+ing-cleaning

tidy+ing-tidying

come+ing-coming

take+ing-taking

write+ing-writing

run+ing-running

sit+ing-sitting

put-ing-putting

Regel: bei Verben die nur eine Silbe haben wird der letzte Buchstabe zweimal geschrieben (sit, put, run)







Modale Hilfsverben



can (können) can not /can’t

must (müssen) must not/mustn’t =nicht dürfen

need(müssen) need not/needn’t =nicht müssen



I can speak English

He can’t draw a picture

Can you play football?-Yes, I can.


-No, I can’t.

You must do your homework

You needn’t go to school on Saturday.

Must you go to bed at 9.00 pm?-Yes I must.


-No I needn’t.

Regel: ,,Can, can’t, must, mustn’t, need, needn’t,, müssen immer mit einem anderen Verb zusammen stehen. Einzige Ausnahme: Kurzantwort.















Plurals

biro-biros

book-books

box-boxes

watch-watches

Irregular plurals: mouse-mice, man-men, child-children, woman-women, scarf-scarves,


shelf-shelves, wife-wives







Mengenangaben mit ,,of,,



a box of chocolates-eine Schachtel Pralinen

a piece of chocolates-ein Stück Schokolade

a small number of children-ein kleine Anzahl (von) Kinder(n)

a lot of /lots of pencils-eine Menge/viele Bleistifte

a group of girls-ein Gruppe (von) Mädchen

in groups of four-in Vierergruppen







Y-Regel



family-ies

hobby-ies

boy-s

Nach angehängtem “s” wird das ,,y,, zu ,,ie,, wenn es nach einem Konsonanten steht.







Word Order (Satzstellung)



Subject Verb Object

Ben is helping his father.

Debbie is helping her father in the garden.

No,she is helping him in the kitchen.

I can see them.

In einem englischem Aussagesatz st di Satzstellung immer Subjekt-Verb-Objekt. Alle Teile des Verbs müssen zusammenstehen.







Subject pronouns Object pronouns

I me

you you

he/she/it him/her/it

we us

you you

they them





Simple present



to clean: I clean we clean


you clean you clean


he/she/it cleans they clean

negative:I don’t clean we don’t clean


You don’t clean You don’t clean


He/She/It doesn’t clean They don’t clean



Beachte: to try = he tries


to play = he plays


to watch = he watches







Simple present questions and short answer



Do you play football?-Yes, I do./No, I don’t.

Does he play football?-Yes, he does./No, he doesn’t.

Does she play football?-Yes, she does./No, she doesn’t.

Does it play football?-Yes, it does./No, it doesn’t.

Do you play football?-Yes, we do./No, we don’t

Do they play football?-Yes, they do./No, they don’t.








Adverbs of frequency (Häufigkeitsadverbien)



always Nick often plays football on Saturdays.

often

usually

sometimes

never

Regel: Die Häufigkeitsadverbien stehen immer vor dem Verb.







This, that, these, those




this


nah dran (räumlich)


those




that


weit weg (räumlich)


those











Word Order

main clause (hauptsatz) suberdinate clause (Nebensatz)

Jenny hates zoos because she loves animals.


S V O conjunction S V O

Regel: Im Englischen ist die Satzstellung in Haupt- und Nebensatz: Subject-Verb-Object


(Straßen-Verkehrs-Ordnung)







How many oder How much



How many How much

…bananas? …water?

…apples? …sugar?

…books? …tea?

…pounds? …food?


…money?


…homework?

Regel: ,,many,, steht vor zählbaren Nomen, ,,much,, steht vor nicht zählbaren Nomen.







Present progresive und Simple present



Miss Hunt is dancing with nick.






Activity verb

She looks like a cat.


State verb





to be to like

to believe to love

to hate to need können kein present progressive bilden

to hear to see

to know to want

to look like









Some and any


You use ,,some,, in positive statements.

You use ,,any,, in negative statements and in questions.

Example: Well, there are some small shops in town.


But there aren’t any really good shops.


Have you got any money, Julia?














Going-to future






I am

you are

he/she/it is going to + infinitive drückt Pläne, oder

we are Absichten die in der Zukunft liegen.

you are


they are







Simple past of ,,to be,,




I was I wasn’t

you were you weren’t


he was he wasn’t


she was she wasn’t


it was it wasn’t


we were we weren’t

you were you weren’t


they were they weren’t








Simple past



it rained they talked they started

we played they laughed we needed


we looked you sended

I stopped


[d] [+] [id]

Das ,,simple past,, (Präteritum) wird im Englischen regelmäßig gebildet durch dem Anhängen von ,,ed,,.








Questions and negative sentences in the past.



Fragen werden mit ,,did,, und ,,dind’t,, gestellt und beantwortet (+grundform des Verbs). Verneinte Aussagesätze werden mit ,,didn’t,, und mit der Grundform des Verbs gebildet.

Examples: Did you go away?-Yes, I did./No, I didn’t.


Where did you go?-We went to Alton Towers.


We didn’t go on holiday.

















Possessive determiner’s Possessive pronouns

This is my drink. It’s mine.


your yours


his his.


her hers.


its its.

These are our drinks ours.


your yours.


their theirs.




+ noun no noun








The prop-word ,,one,,



We need two baskets-There’s a yellow one upstairs an a brown on in the garden, and two


white ones in the garage.

Um Wiederholung von Substantiven zu vermeiden, steht nach Attributen das Stützwort ,,one,, Plural: ,,ones,,








Comparison of adjectifs one




The dog ist fast.


The cat is faster than the dogs.

The dolphin is the fasted of the tree animals.




An Audi is expensive.

A Mercedes is more expensive than an Audi.

A Ferrari is the most expensive of the tree cars.




bad good


worse better


the worst the best




as cheap as: positive


cheaper than: comparative


the cheapest: superlative
























Adverbs


Mike is a careful driver. He is careful. He drives carefully.






Formation of adverbs: adjective+ly


angry-angrily


terrible-terribly


exeptions: good-well

fast-fast

hard-hard








Should, shall, would, could


should-Rat

Could you…please?-Höfliche Aufforderung etwas zu tun.


Shall I...-Angebot zu helfen

Would you...,please?-Höfliche Bitte etwas zu tun.








Present Perfect




Have/has + ed


Example: I have packed.

He has counted.

You have finished.

I have (I’ve) We have (We’ve) + past participle/3rd form of the irregular

You have (You’ve) You have (You’ve) verb

He/She/It has They have (they’ve)

Regel: Man benutzt das Present perfect, wenn das Ergebnis einer Handlung noch sichtbar ist, bzw. wenn die Handlung noch nicht abgeschlossen ist.

Words used with the present perfect (Klingelwörter):


already never


just not…yet


ever…(before) yet?








The future




Will/won’t + infinitive

I will/I’ll go I won’t go

You will/You’ll go You won’t go Will you go?

He will/He’ll go He won’t go Will he go?

She will/She’ll go She won’t go Will she go?

It will/It’ll go It won’t go Will it go?

We will/We’ll go We won’t go Will we go?

You will/You’ll go You won’t go Will you go?

They will/They’ll They won’t go Will they go?

Regel: Das “will-future” wird verwendet, wenn man nicht genau weiß was geschehen wird zB nach Ausdrücken wie hope, think, maybe, perhaps, probally. Das “will-future“wird auch verwendet, wenn man zukünftiges nicht vermeiden kann.








Questions

Fragewort Hilfsverb Subjekt Verb

Where do you sleep?

Where will you sleep?

Where have you sleep?


But: Who sleeps?-Wer schläft?








Bedingunssätze



If I live under the sea, I will see fishes.


Bedingung(Present) Folge (will-future)








Geram ,,seit,,: since or for?



since for

July six weeks

last month a few seconds

1st August very long

this morning a few weeks



point of time period of time

Regel: Nach “since” steht immer ein Zeitpunkt, nach ”for” eine Zeitspanne. In beiden Fällen wird das “present perfect“ benutzt.







Present Perfect Progressive




Wird gebildet: have/has+been+ing


I’ve been thinking about…


She has been thinking…


1. I’ve been reading


2. I’ve been read.

Das present perfect progressive wird verwendet, um auszudrücken, das eine Handlung ode rein Vorgang in der Vergangenheit begann und in der Gegenwart noch andauert.














Conditional



1.If I win 1000000€, I’ll fly to Florida

present future


possible (möglich)




2.If I won 100000€, I’d fly to florida


past conditional


improbable(unwarscheinl.)








Relative clauses






The pupils who do it have to work hard.





They have to make a machine which they invited.





The learn a lot of things that will help them.





We talked to lots oaf young people that are all working.








Relative pronouns




who-persons


which-objects


(that)-persons/objects

Regel: Relativsätze geben nähere Informaton über ein vorher verwendetes Substantiv und stehen unmittelbar nach ihm. Das Relativpronomen“who“ bezieht sich auf Personnen, “which“ auf Sachen und “that“ auf Personen und Sachen. Wenn deer Relativsatz ein eigenes Subjekt hat, das heißt wenn das Relativpronomen nicht selbst ist, kann es weggelassen werde. Ein Relativsatz ohne Relativpronomen heißt: “contact clause“

S P


...people who are friendly...

S P


...castle you can visit








Each other oder nicht




We are looking at ourselves

Spiegel






We are looking at eachother










The passive




English is spoken all over the world.

to be past participle

Regel: Das Passiv wird gebildet mit einer Form von “to be” und dem “past participle”. Es wird benutzt, wenn das Geschehen wichtiger ist , als der Handelnde oder wenn der Handelnde nicht bkannt ist. Wenn er bekannt ist, kann er mit “by“ angehängt werden. zB.: St. Paul’s was build by Christopher Wren.

is taken =present

have/has been taken =present perfect

was taken =past

will be taken =future








Reflexive pronouns

I-myself we-ourselves

you-yourself you-yourselves

he/she/it him-/her-/itself they-themselves


Reflexive verben ohne Pronomen:


sit down-sich hinsetzen


remember-sich erinnern


move-sich bewegen


meet-sich treffen


feel-sich fühlen


imagine-sich vorstellen


listen to-sich anhören


hide-sich verstehen








Gerund




Melissa enjoyed doing the activities...


She continued walking…


She imagined meeting…

S V O


Finding an old tile…was an adventure.

Organizing a demonstration was Marks idea.


Building stopped.


Digging started again.

S V


…a good chance of finding


She thanked them for organizing


I’m afraid of flying.


Nach folgenden Verben stht ein Gerund:

avoid consider enjoy finish give up go on imagine

mention miss practise risk stop suggest

Nach begin, continue, hate, like , love, prefer, start, kann entweder ein Gerund ode rein to-Infinitiv stehen. Nach would like, would love, would hate, would prefer steht aber der to-Infinitiv. Das Gerund folgt auch auf allein stehende Präpositionen zB: after, before, by, instead of, on, without.








Infnitiv nach verb of perception



Nach Verben der Wahrnehmung (see, watch, notice, hear, listen to, fel) steht ein Objekt+ Infnitiv (ohne to). Im Deutschen werden solche Sätze in der Regel mit “wie“ wiedergegeben.








Verbs+Objects+infinitiv+ with to



Nach den verben: cause, would like, want, tell, ask, expect steht ein Objekt+Infinitiv with to. Im Deutschen warden die Sätze mit “dass” übersetzt.


Beispiel:

I’d like/want you to speak Inupiaq better


…, dass du besser Inupiaq sprichst







Shift of tenses from direct speech to reported speech



DS RS

present past

present perfect past perfect

past past perfect

will-future would+infinitive (conditional)

going to-future was/were going to +infinitive



DS RS

am/are/is was/were

have/has had

can could

may might

shall should

will would

was/were had been

could/should/might/would/past perfect werden nicht verändert.








Reported questions




„Did King Carter live here?“

She asked if King Carter had lived there.

Regel: In der indirekten Frage ist die Zeitverschiebung die gleiche, wie in indirekten Aussagesätzen. Die Umschreibung mit „to do“ fällt weg, die Satzstellung ist SVO. Am Ende der indirekten Frage wird ein Punkt gesetzt. Eingeleitet wird die indirekte Frage mit „if/where“ oder mit dem Fragewort.


Indirect Commands




„Open your books!“


He told them to open their books.



Direct Speech Reported Speech

today that day

yesterday the day before

the day/before yesterday two days before

ago before

tomorrow the next day

the day after tomorrow in two days’ time

next week next/the following week

last week the week before

now then



DS RS

here there

this that

these those








The definite article



General: I don’t take sugar in the coffee.

Specific: Can you pass me the (bestimmter Teil) sugar please?

General: It offers young people training in art music an drama.

Specific: We chose 650 from the 15.000 young people.

General: a wonderful view of Jewish history.

Specific: The book looks at the history of Jews

General: Jewish live in America.

Specific: The lives of Jewish Americans.


General: Over time.

Specific: The time between 19200 over 1930

Rule: Abstract nouns, material nouns, and plural don’t ned a definite article when they are used in general. But they need a definite article when they are used in a specific context (relative clause/of-phrase)







Conditional sentences



I. If I have time this afternoon, I will watch TV. (Dieser Satz ist möglich)

II. If Flo was a teacher, he would give everybody a 1.(Dieser Satz ist theoretisch möglich)

III. If you had invited John to your party, he would certainly have come.(Dieser Satz drückt unmögliche Erfüllbarkeit aus, weil er in der Vergangenheit steht)








if clause main clause

I present past

II past would+infinitive

III past perfect would+have+3rd form.








Possesive Pronouns



In front of a noun: my our


your your


his/hers/its their



Without noun: mine ours


yours yours


his/hers/its theirs

 
 

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