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3 Simple present
3 Present progressive
4 Simple past
4 Past progressive
5 Present perfect
5 Past perfect simple
5 Will-Future
6 Going-to- future
6 Future progressive
6 Futur 2
6 Negation
7 Passive
7 Reported speech
8 Conditional sentences
9 Reference
Simple present
The 1st verbform
The simple present is used to express repeated situations
Every sunday I play tennis.
Or for actings that happen after each other
He comes home, throws his bag in a corner, and turns the radio on
Or for things that are usual
Our house stands in a quiet street
signalwords:
always, usually, normally, seldom, often, never, every, sometimes , rarely,
occassionally, now and then
Attention: Peter comes home
NOT! Peter come home
If you use he,she and it in a sentence you must put an -s at the end of the verb
In negatations you use do as an auxiliariy and does for he, she, and, it
Just one verb in the english language is different that is the verb to be.
I am
You are
He/She/It is
We are
You are
They are
Another exeption is the word have that you use as has for he,she, and it
There are also exeptions after sharp words like watch or a verb that ends with o
you put an e at the end of the word before the s
He watches
She goes
and if there is no vocal before the letter y you write ie instead of that
He flies but: She buys
Present progressive
You use it for actions that are happening on the moment that you talk
I am just reading
You also use it for actions that are in the future but already sure
Mr. Baker is moving to Ohio next week.
Signalwords:
just,at the moment, now, look!, listen!
To build it, you just put an -ing at the end of the verb and use
the right form of the verb to be at the in front of it
Exeptions:
Verbes that have an infinitive with a short vocal
you use the following consonant twice
put-putting
Verbes that have an e at the end that you don\\\'t speak
like the word write
are built without the e
writing
Also verbs that end with the letters -ie at the end are special
that -ie moves into a y
lie-lying
Simple past
You use the simple past for actions that are come after each other which started in the past and are done now.
Yesterday I wrote a letter
signalwords:
last, ago, yesterday, etc.
If you have a regular verb you just put an -ed on the end
If you have a irregular verb you take the 2nd verbform
If you have a Negation you got to use the auxiliar didn\\\'t and because
didn\\\'t is already in the past you got to use the infinitif after it.
Exeptions:
to be has got 2 pastforms:was/were
singular:I was, you were , he/she/it was
plural: we were, you were, they were
2. If the infinitif ends on -e you just put a simple -d on the end.
Decide-decided
3. -y after a consonant becomes -i-
tidy-tidied
4. After short vocals you take the consonant at the end twice
stop-stopped
5. After an accented -er -ir or -ur at the end of the infinitif you double the -r
prefer-preffered
Past progressive
You use it when 2 or more actions happened at the same
I was reading a book and my sister was playing
If an action took place when a new action just happened
I was watching TV when suddenly the phone rang
for the ending of an action at a special time
Yesterday at 5 pm we were sitting in the garden.
You use it with was/were and the 1st verbform and an -ing on the end
Present perfect
You use it for actions that started in the past and are just finished
I have just written a letter
for actions that started in the past and are not finished yet
He has known him since 1990
for actions that happened in the past but it is NOT important when they happened
Have you ever been to Australia?
signalwords:
ever, never, already, just ,up to now, till now, so far, since, for, not...yet
You bulid it with have or has and the 3rd verbform that normally ends on -ed but jut on regular verbs
You don\\\'t need a do for negations because you have already a form of have as an auxiliary
Past Perfect Simple
The use of this tense is quite easy because it is similar to the german plusquamperfekt
It describes actions that were already finished in the past
He had done his homework
You use the -ing form of it to emphasize the time of an action
I had been waiting for 2 hours
signalword:after,before
You build the Past Perfect simple with had and the 3rd verbform
and the progressive with had been and the 3rd verbform
will-future
You use the will-future:
for a prediction and for an expression for your own opinion
Tomorrow it will rain
to express a spontaneous decision
Just a minute, i will help you
and in the main-sentence of the first if-clause
If it rains, we will stay at home
You build the will-future with will and the infinitif
going-to future
it expresses a sure decision for the future
I am going to visit my grandma tomorrow
or for a logical conclusion
He looks pale. He is going to be ill.
You build it with the present of to be (am/are/is)+going to+1st verbform
Future progressive
you express that a coming action is obvious
He will be coming tomorrow
or that an action in the future just happens
at 9 pm tomorrow, I will be sitting in the plane.
You build it with will be+1st verbform with -ing
In the negation you can replace will not with won\\\'t
Future 2
Futur 2 expresses that an action will be finished
at a special time in the future
By 4 pm tomorrow I will have finished this work.
And the progressive form emphasizes the duration
Next month I will have been studying for 2 years
signal words:by..,in 10 minutes etc.
Future 2: will(not) have+3rd verbform
Progressive:will(not) have been+1st verbform with -ing
Negation
Negated english sentences need 2 verbs.
A auxiliary and a normal verb
He can\\\'t help you
exeption:if you use the verb to be you don\\\'t need a second verb
Exepting the simple present and simple past every tense contains an auxiliary
If you don\\\'t have an auxiliary you must use the negation of to do
He doesn\\\'t clean his room
Passive
You have got 2 ways to express
Aktiv and Passiv
Aktiv: I write the letter
Subject Object
Passiv: The letter is written by me
Subject Object
You just change the places of subject and object
You build it with the right form of the verb to be and the 3rd verbform
after modale auxiliaris (can/must/may) you gotta put in the infinitif be
I can be called.I may be called
You can use 2 forms of the passive if you have a phrase with 2 objects:
My parents have given me some presents.
Subject D-object A-object
I have been given some presents by my parents.
You also change some of the personal pronoun
Nominativ Dativ/Akkusativ
(subject) (object)
I -> me
He -> him
She -> her
we -> us
they ->them
Reported speech
If you want to repeat something that somebody else has said or written you got to
use the reported speech.
The way you build the reported speech depends on 2 things
· of the time in the direct speech
· of the time in the beginning sentence
If you have Present tense(he says), Present Perfect(she has asked) or Futur 1(he will say) in the beginning
sentence the time that was used in the direct speech doen\\\'t change.
But you surely have to conform the pronouns and maybe also the verbform
He says "I spent my holidays in Italy"
present tense direct speech
Past Tense
He says that he spent his holidays in Italy
stays the same reported speech
also past tense
But if the beginning sentence contains Past Tense, Past Perfect, Future 2, or Conditional
the tense changes like this:
Direct speech Reported speech
Present tense Past tense
Past tense Past perfect
Present perfect Past perfect
Past perfect Past perfect
Future 1 Conditional 1
Future 2 Conditional 2
Conditional 1 Conditional 1
Conditional 2 Conditional 2
Also time and place can change
Direct speech Reported speech Direct speech Reported speech
today That day now then
yesterday The day before tomorrow The next/following day
...ago... ...before... This These That/Those
....ago.... ...before.... here there
Next... The following...
Conditional sentences
Typ 1: erfüllbare Bedingung
If they score two goals, they will win.
Typ 2: nicht/kaum erfüllbare Bedingung
If they scored two goals, they would win.
Typ 3: nicht mehr erfüllbare Bedingung
If they had scored two goals, they would have won.
Conditional sentences 1
Im Nebensatz mit if steht das simple presentDer if - Satz bezieht sich auf die Gegenwart oder die Zukunft. Im Hauptsatz stehen n will/can/must + Infinitiv oder ein anders Hilfsverb + Infinitivn ein Imperativ
Im if-Satz sind auch andere Zeitformen als das simple present möglich, insbesondere das present progressive und das present perfect sowie modale Hilfsverben + Infinitiv
If it's raining,If they haven't repaired the car,If you can't speak English, take the bus.I can't drive you to the station.you won't get the job.
Conditional sentences 2
Im Nebensatz mit if steht das simple past.Der if-Satz bezieht sich (trotz simple past) nicht auf die Vergangenheit, sondern auf etwas Unmöglliches oder Unwahrscheinliches in der Gegenwart oder Zukunft Im Hauptsatz stehen would/could/might + Infinitiv.
Conditional sentences 3
Im Nebensatz mit if steht das past perfect( = had + past participle).Die Bedingung bezieht sich auf die Vergangenheit und kann nicht mehr erfüllt werden, da wir bereits wissen was passiert ist. Im Hauptsatz stehen would/could/might have + past participleMan teilt mit, was geschehen wäre, wenn die Bedingung erfüllt worden wäre.
Im Hauptsatz kann auch would/would/might + Infinitiv stehen, um auszudrücken, was in der Zukunft oder Gegenwart wäre oder geschehen würde.
Simple oder progressive form
Simple form Progressive form
1. Wir verwenden das simple present, um auszudrücken, daß eine Handlung immer wieder oder nie stattfindet. Es wird auch verwendet, um einen Dauerzustand zu beschreiben. Häufige Zeitbestimmungen: every day, always, usually, sometimes, never usw. Wir verwenden das present progressive, um auszudrücken, daß eine Handlung zum Zeitpunkt des Sprechens im Verlauf ist.Häufige Zeitbest. :now, at the moment, this week,usw.
2. Das simple past wird in der Vergangenheit verwendet. Es kann nur verwendet werden, wenn der Zeitpunkt bekannt ist oder nach dem Zeitpunkt gefragt wird. Das past pogressive wird im Verlauf in der Vergangenheit verwendet. Jemand war mit etwas beschäftigt.
Futur
Das will-future wird gebraucht :
a) um über Ereignisse in der Zukunft zu sprechen die wir nicht beieinflussen oder kontrollieren können.
b) um Ereignisse in der Zukunft vorherzusagen oder um Hoffnungen, Erwartungen, etc. auszudrücken. In solchen Sätzen wird oft :
I'm sure, I believe, I expect, I hope, I suppose, I think, I guess or perhaps, possibly, surely gebraucht.
c) mit I/we für spontane Reaktionen oder um Versprechen zu machen.
I shall ist manchmal anstelle von I will.
Das going to- future wird gebraucht :
a) um über Dinge zu reden die Leute beabsichtigen, planen, oder entschieden haben in der Zukunft zu tun .
! Did you know that Sarah is in hospital ?
n No, I didn't. I'll visit her this afternoon. ( spontane Reaktion)
n Yes, I'm going to visit her next month. (Absicht, geplante Aktion)
b) um Ereignisse in der Zukunft vorherzusagen, für die es einige Beweise in der Gegenwart gibt.
Das present pogressive wird gebraucht :
um über Dinge zu reden, die festgelegt, konkret geplant sind oder eindeutig entschieden, es in der Zukunft zu tun. Es muss klar von dem Adverb der Zeit oder vom Kontext sein, dass sich der Sprecher auf die Zukunft und nicht auf die Gegenwart bezieht.
Das simple present wird gebraucht :
a) Mit dem simple present in Hauptsätzen drücken wie aus, dass etwas Zukünftiges durch einen Zeitplan (z.B. Fahrplan, Kalender ....)festgelegt ist (timetable future). Diese Verwendung ist häufig bei Verben wie leaves, arrive, end, begin, open, close.
Ansonsten kann das simple present nicht im Bezug auf die Zukunft verwendet werden.
b) In Nebensätzen der Zeit (nach before, when, while, as soon as, as long as, till/untill) oder de Bedingung (nach if/unless) wird ein zukünftiges Geschehen mit dem simple present (nicht
mit dem will-future) ausgedrückt. Dass sich das simple present in diesem Fall auf die Zukunft bezieht, wird aus dem Hauptsatz deutlich, in dem eine Form des Futurs (meist das will-future oder das going to- future) stehen muß.
Unregelmäßige Verben
Infinitiv Simple past Past participle
(to) be (I)was, (you) were been sein
beat beat beaten schlagen, besiegen
become became become werden
begin began begun beginnen, anfangen
blow blew blown blasen, wehen
break broke broken (zer)brechen; kaputt ma.
bring brought brought bringen
build built built bauen
burn burned/burnt burned/burnt (ver)brennen
buy bought bought kaufen
catch caught caught fangen
choose chose chosen entscheiden
come came come kommen
cost cost cost kosten
cut cut cut stellen; setzten; legen
dig dug dug graben
do did done tun
draw drew drown malen
dream dreamt/dreamed dreamt/dreamed träumen
drink drank drunk trinken
drive drove driven fahren
eat ate ate essen
fall fell fallen fallen
feed fed fed füttern
feel felt felt fühlen
fight fought fought (be)kämpfen
find found found finden
fly flew flown fliegen
forget forgot forgotten vergessen
forgive forgave forgiven vergeben
freeze froze frozen frieren
get got got bekommen
give gave given geben; schenken
go went gone gehen; fahren
grow grew grown wachsen; anbauen
hang hung hung (auf) hängen
have had had haben
hear heard heard hören
hide hid hidden (sich)verstecken
hit hit hit schlagen, treffen
hold held held halten
hurt hurt hurt verletzen, weh tun
keep kept kept (be)halten; einhalten
know knew known kennen; wissen; erkennen
lead led led führen; leiten
learn learnt learnt lernen
leave left left weggehen; verlassen
lend lent lent (ver- ,aus)leihen
let let let (zu)lassen
lie lay lain liegen
loose lost lost verlieren
make made made machen
mean meant meant meinen; bedeuten
meet met met (sich) treffen, kennenlerne
misunderstand misunderstood misunderstood missverstehen
overtake overtook overtaken überholen
pay paid paid (be)zahlen
put put put stellen; setzen; legen
quit quit quit aufhören
read read read (vor)lesen
ride rode ridden reiten; (rad)fahren
ring rang rung klingeln
rise rose risen steigen
run ran run rennen
say said said sagen
see saw saw sehen
sell sold sold verkaufen
send sent sent schicken; senden
set set set stellen; setzen; legen
shake shook shaken schütteln; zittern
shine shone shone scheinen
shoot shot shot (er)schiessen
show showed shown zeigen
shut shut shut schließen
sing sang sung singen
sink sank sunk sinken
sit sat sat sitzen
sleep slept slept schlafen
smell smelt smelt riechen
speak spoke spoken sprechen
spell spelt spelt sprechen
spend spent spent ausgeben (Geld)
split split split spalten; teilen
spoil spoilt spoilt verderben; verschandeln
spread spread spread (sich) ausbreiten
stand stood stood stehen
steal stole stolen klauen
swim swam swum schwimmen
take (away) took taken (mit)nehmen
teach taught taught unterrichten, lehren
tell told told sagen, nennen; erzählen
think thought thought meinen, denken
throw threw thrown werfen
understand understood understood verstehen, begreifen
upset upset upset verärgert
wake up woke up woken up aufwachen; (auf) wecken
wear wore worn (Kleidung) tragen
win won won gewinnen
write wrote written schreiben
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